El Nino: Fear for food, water and forest
KOTA KINABALU: Drought,
forest fires, floods and deaths loom ahead pending the expected arrival of one
of the biggest El Nino weather patterns.
The El Nino is due to arrive
in second half of the year.
Southeast Asia, is expected
to feel the impact last experienced in 1997 and 1998. El Nino left 20,000 dead
and US$97 billion in damages.
Already Philippines fearing
severe drought has begun cloud seeding, Indonesia has announced it is securing
food stocks and has set aside US$173 million to this end.
Scientists have warned that
the 2014 El Nino could be one of the strongest in nearly two decades. Whether or not Malaysia and
Malaysians are truly ready for the onslaught of El Nino is debatable.
In Borneo, forests and rivers
are an important El Nino issue meriting serious consideration.
According to a combined study
from scientists at the Duke University, droughts as a result of warmer temperatures in the Indian Ocean and
“higher frequency” of El Nino events will make it more difficult for Borneo’s
rainforest inhabitants, including its trees, to survive.
“As El Nino events become
more frequent in the future in response to warming in the tropical oceans, even
the species of trees that can adapt to drought conditions will be at increased
risk of dying off.
“The small number of species
(flora and fauna) that cannot adapt well to drought conditions will be at an
even greater risk of dying off,” noted the study.
Borneo, the third largest
island in the world, is home to more than 210 mammal species including 10
varieties of primates, 420 types of birds
and 150 reptiles and amphibians versions.
Here too live at least 10,000
plant species of which 5,000 are endemic and not found anywhere else in the
world.
With warming temperatures,
changes in precipitation and the flowering and seasonality of forest plants and
trees, the food chain is affected and invariably reproductivity of the variou
species.
Looking out for hotspots
The world’s largest palm oil
factory is also sited here. Combined Malaysia and Indonesia producers 87% of
the world’s palm oil.
El Nino is expected to be
crippling to the oil plam industry which has seen the conversion of thousands
of hectares of the Borneo rainforest and the displacement of wildlife.
According to Stephan
Wulffraat, a member of World Wildlife Fund (WWF) in charge of monitoring and
evaluating the forests under the Heart of Borneo (HoB) project – involving
Malaysia, Brunei and Kalimantan – the prevention and early warning of forest
fires will be the highest priority in the event of El Nino.
“Real-time hotspot data will
be utilised from satellite images to monitor the situation. In the event that a
fire is detected, forestry teams will be ready to extinguish them.”
“Local communities in the
area have also been made aware of fire risks when opening fields,” he said.
Sarawak experienced the worst
haze in the 1997 El Nino when the federal government was forced to declare a
state of environment emergency for 10 days after the Air Pollutant Index (API)
level recorded a reading of over 900. Much of this reportedly came from forest
fires in Kalimantan.
This time round WWF forest
watchers are on high alert for fires and droughts.
On a regular day, fires are caused by among others the illegal land
clearance (such as incursions into protected areas) noted WWF’s latest report
on the ecological health of HoB.
The report also noted with
concern the Bornean elephants that meanders between Sabah and Kalimantan.
Elephants need water and a
lot of it, said Sabah Wildlife Department deputy director II Jumirah Abd
Shukor.
She said the El Nino would
further trigger change in the hydrology.
Borneo’s elephants, orang
utans
She said even before the El
Nino impact, the current drought spell had taken a toll on its Borneo Elephant
Sanctuary (BES) at Lot 8, Kinabatangan Wildlife Sanctuary.
“The only problem we’re
facing right now is that the elephants are not getting enough water. It’s our
biggest worry.
“We have plans to use water
from rivers and wells…hopefully this water issue will be solved within a few
months,” she said, weighing-in concerns of the impending dry weather.
Elephants can ingest over 100
litres of water at one time and would usually drink up to 225 litres a day,
said Jumirah adding that water is “extremely important” to an elephant.
Elephants are not the only
concern, Sabah, Sarawak and Kalimantan are also home to the world famous orang
utan.
Concerns are rife over the
effects of rising temperatures, even without the impending El Nino.
The rainforest in Borneo and
Indonesia are among the most adversely affected.
In the 1997 and 1998
incident, forest fires were exacerbated by drought conditions. It is believed
that thousands of orangutans died as the forests burned in Kalimantan.
A survey in 2003 showed the
wildlife population in Central Kalimantan had decreased by 49%.
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